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ÀÌ Èñ ¿µ (¹Ì¼úºñÆò, ¼­ÃÊÁ¶Çü¿¹¼ú¿ø Çп¹±³À°½ÇÀå)




ÀÌ ±ÛÀº ¡¯90³â´ë ¹Ì¼úÀÇ Æ¯»öÀ» ±¸¼ºÇØ¿Â »ýÅ ¹Ì¼úÀÇ °ø°£Àû ±â´ÉÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ·Á´Â ½ÃµµÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ãµµ´Â º¯È­µÇ¾î¿Â Çö´ë¹Ì¼úÀÇ °ü¶÷ÀÚ °³³äÀÇ ¼º°ÝµéÀ» °íÂûÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÁøÇàµÈ´Ù.

     Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty, 1969~70


»ýÅ ¹Ì¼úÀº Àΰ£À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¬ ÀüüÀÇ È¯°æ À§±â¿Í ±× °³¼±À» ¹®Á¦ »ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. »ýÅ ¹Ì¼ú°¡µéÀº Á¦Àdzª °ø¿¬°ú °°Àº ±ØÀû °úÁ¤À» ÅëÇØ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Ãæ°Ý°ú ÇØÇÐ ±×¸®°í ±³ÈÆÀû ±â·ÏÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù. À̵éÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀû È°µ¿Àº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¾îÈÖÀÇ »ý»êÀ¸·Î ¹Ì¼úÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ» È®ÀåÇÑ´Ù´Â Æò°¡¿Í ȯ°æ À§±â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ì¼úÀÇ Ä¡À¯ È¿°ú¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù´Â ±â´ë¸¦ ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÇ È°µ¿°ú ÀÛ¾÷¿¡´Â ¸ÅüÀû µ¶ÀÚ¼ºÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüÇÑ´Ù´Â Çö´ë¹Ì¼úÀÇ Çü½ÄÀû À±¸®¿Í´Â ¾ç¸³ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ºñ°¡½ÃÀû ¾îÈÖÀÇ ÀÇÁ¸°ú µµ´öÀû À±¸®ÀÇ È°¿ëÀÌ ´«¿¡ ¶è´Ù.


»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼¼°èÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ½Ã°¢Àû ´ÜÀ§µéÀ» ¸ñ°ÝÇÒ ¶§ ¼¼°è¿Í ±× »ç¶÷Àº Ãæµ¹ÇÑ´Ù. ±× »ç¶÷Àº ȸºÎÀÇ È¥¶õÀ» ¼ö½ÀÇÏ°í ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸¶À½À¸·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ Àǹ̷ÐÀû ÅëÇÕÀ» °®´Â´Ù. °ü¶÷ÀÚ´Â ¿¹¼úÀû Á¦ÀÛ¹°À» ÁøÁöÇÏ°Ô ÀÀ½ÃÇϸç ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ È¯°æ°ú ¿¹¼ú ȯ°æ°£ÀÇ °¥µîÀ» ÅëÇÕÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¹ÌÇÐÀû üÇèÀ» °Þ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¹Ì¼ú°¡ ÀڽŠ¶ÇÇÑ ¾î´À ´©±¸º¸´Ù ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¦ÀÛ¹° ¾Õ¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °ü¶÷ÀÚÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ Á¡¿¡¼­ ¹Ì¼úÇ°°ú °ü¶÷ÀÚ »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ÀÏ»óÀÇ ±â´ÉÀû »ç¹°À» ¸¶ÁÖÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ »óȲ°ú ±¸º°µÇ´Â Ư¼öÇÑ ¿µ¿ªÀÌ Çü¼ºµÈ´Ù. Çö´ë¹Ì¼úÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ Æ¯¼öÇÑ ¿µ¿ªÀÇ ¹ß°ß°ú ÀÚÀÇ½Ä ÀÖ´Â °ü¶÷ÀÚÀÇ Åº»ýÀ¸·Î ½ÃÀ۵ǰí Àü°³µÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù.

 Robert Smithson, Spiral JettyÀÇ ¹Ø ±×¸², 1969
»ýÅ ¹Ì¼ú¿¡¼­ ¸ñ°ÝµÇ´Â ºñ°¡½ÃÀû ¿ä¼Ò¿Í °ø°£ÀÇ °áÇÕ ±×¸®°í »ýÅ À±¸®¿Í Á¶ÇüÀû ¾îÈÖÀÇ °áÇÕ°ú °°Àº Çö´ë¹Ì¼úÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀû Àü°³¿ÍÀÇ ¸ð¼øÀº ÀÌ Æ¯¼öÇÑ ¿µ¿ªÀÇ ÁÖüÀÎ °ü¶÷ÀÚÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ» ÅëÇØ ÇØ°áµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


»ýÅ ¹Ì¼úÀÇ ¸ðÅ°¡ µÇ´Â, 1960~¡¯80³â´ë ÃÊÀÇ È¯°æ ¹Ì¼úÀº ÀÚ¿¬¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹®Á¦ Á¦±â·Î¼­º¸´Ù ´ëÁö ÀÛ¾÷À» À§ÇÑ Àç¿øÀ¸·Î¼­ ´õ ¸¹Àº ÀÌÇØ°ü°è¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´ç½Ã ȯ°æ ¹Ì¼úÀº ÀüÈÄ È­¶û ¹Ì¼úÀÌ ±Ø´ÜÀûÀ¸·Î Ãß±¸ÇØ¿À´ø °ø°£ Ž±¸ÀÇ À¯»êÀ» Åä´ë·Î ±×¸®°í ±× ¹ÝÀÀÀ¸·Î ´ëÁö¿Í ÀÚ¿¬À» ¸Åü·Î ´Ù·ç¾ú´Ù. ±× À¯»êÀº ¹Ì¼ú ÀÛÇ°°ú ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÀ½ÃÇÏ´Â °ü¶÷ÀÚ »çÀÌÀÇ ¹«¹Ì°ÇÁ¶ÇÑ °ø°£¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ì¼úÀû ÀÎÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. À̷μ­ ¹Ì¼úÀÇ ¸Åü´Â ÀÛÇ°ÀÇ ³»¿ë¹°¿¡ ±¸¼ÓµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÛÇ°ÀÇ ¹°¸®Àû Ç¥¸é°ú °ü¶÷ÀÚÀÇ Ãæµ¹À» ¼ö½ÀÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ½Ã°£À̳ª °³³ä°ú °°Àº ºñ¹°ÁúÀûÀÌ°í ºñ°¡½ÃÀûÀÎ ¾îÈÖ¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í °á±¹ °ü¶÷ÀÚ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¼ÓÇÑ »îÀÇ È¯°æÀ» ±ú´Ý°Ô µÈ´Ù.


ȯ°æ ¹Ì¼ú°¡µéÀº À̸¦ Åä´ë·Î ÀÚ¿¬¹°À» È­¶û °ø°£¿¡ Áø¿­Çϰųª, ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ±¸¼º¹°µéÀ» ÀÚ¿¬ °ø°£¿¡´Ù Á¶ÀýÇÏ°í ÀçÁ¤¿­Çϰųª, ±×¸®°í ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ Àå¼Ò¿¡´Ù ¸ô ±â´ÉÀûÀÎ Àΰø¹°µéÀ» ±¸ÃàÇÑ´Ù.
Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty, 1969~70
±× °á°ú ȯ°æ ¹Ì¼úÀº È­¶û °ø°£À» ¹þ¾î³­ ´ëÁö¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÀÎÀ§ÀûÀÎ °Í°ú ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ °Í°£ÀÇ Ãæµ¹°ú ´ë¸³À» °ü¶÷ÀÚ¿¡°Ô Á¦½ÃÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ȯ°æ ¹Ì¼úÀÇ °ü¶÷ÀÚ´Â ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àΰø¹°ÀÌ ÆĸêµÇ°Å³ª Àΰ£ÀÇ Èû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÚ¿¬ÀÌ ÆĸêµÉ °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý´Â´Ù. ȯ°æ ¹Ì¼úÀÇ °ü¶÷ÀÚ´Â Æĸê·Î ÅëÇյȴÙ.


»ýÅ ¹Ì¼úÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ ÆĸêÀ» ¸Åü·Î °£ÁÖÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. »ýÅ ¹Ì¼ú°¡°¡ âÀÛÇÏ´Â °ø°£¿¡´Â Æĸ꿡 ´ëÇÑ À§±â·Î °¡µæ Â÷ ÀÖ°í ±×°ÍÀ» ¸¶ÁÖÇÑ °ü¶÷ÀÚ´Â ±× ¼Ó¿¡¼­ »ýÁ¸ÀÇ Èñ¸ÁÀ¸·Î ÅëÇյȴÙ. µû¶ó¼­ »ýÅ ¹Ì¼úÀÇ ±³ÈÆÀû °ø°£Àº °Ç°­ÇÑ »îÀ» ÇâÇÑ °ü¶÷ÀÚÀÇ ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â ½ÉÀå ¼Ò¸®¿Í ¼û¼Ò¸®¸¦ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. 




Revival of ¡°Breathing¡±Beholder:
The Ethical Space in Eco-art

                                              


Heui-yeong Yi, Art critic

Art and science research director

Seo-Cho Visual Art Institute


This essay purposes to inquiry the spatial characteristics of eco-art composing the features on the art of the 1990s by the concept of the beholder in modern art. Eco-art is concerned in the issue of the environmental crisis and improvement in the whole of nature and human being. Most contemporary ecological artists offer shock, humor, and educational documentation to public by means of ritual, performance, and process drama.

     Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty, 1969~70
Their artistic works and movements have been expected and criticized favorably in their creation of the various vocabulary to extend the field of visual art and in their presentation of the effect to cure the environmental crisis. It seems to be, however, incompatible with the formal ethic of modern art because of reliance on the invisible vocabulary and use of the moral ethic in their space.



When men see various visual elements in the world, they conflict the world. They come to the semantic synthesis through the process controling and accepting the confusion of the world in their eyes and mind. Beholder is a person who look at the artistic work earnestly and comprehend aesthetic experience through the process to synthesize complications between his or her real circumstances and artistic one.
  Newton Harrison and  Helen Mayer Harrison 
             Braeathing Space for the Sava River
A artist in front of his or her artistic production is most important beholder in himself of herself. The distance between beholder and work of art, therefore, is specific field distinguished form the circumstance in which a person confront with functional thing in common life. Modern art has begun and developed in the discovery of such field and in the birth of such self-conscious spectator. The inconsistencies such as coexistence of invisible element with space and combination of ecological ethic with visual vocabularies may be comprehended and solved in understanding beholder who is the subject of the specific space.


Enviro-art, the cradle of eco-art, in the 1960s, 1970s, and the early 1980s were less concerned with issues and more interested in land and nature as a resource to create earth works or land art. At that time, environmental artists transformed the extremely spatial investigation of gallery art into nature and earth as their artistic medium. The gallery artist's investigation was the artistic recognition on the prosaic space between art work and spectator who look at it.

   Tera Galanti, Beautiful 
   Moths (Fly)
,  surprises
   viewers with its use of real
   moths.
Accordingly the medium of art was freed form contents in the work of art and included the invisible vocabulary such as time, conception and movement, so that beholder at gallery art work was aware of the environment of his or her life.


Environmental artist displayed natural objects in gallery settings, modified or rearranged natural components in a natural setting, and the constructed nonfunctional artifacts on natural sites in transformation from gallery artists'. As result enviro-art has offered the conflict and confrontation between the artificial and  the natural to beholder. Beholder of enviro-art acknowledge that artifact is ruined by natural power and nature is ruined by human. The perception of beholder at enviro-art is synthesized to ruin.



Eco-art use such ruin as artistic medium.

Joseph Beuys
 I Like America and America Likes Me
There are crisis of ruin in the space of eco-art. The perception of Beholder in the space of eco-art is synthesized to desire to revive the life. The ethical space in eco-art visualize beholder's beating sound and breathing sound to desire to healthy life.

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